I would always say that opaque means no transmitted light, translucent that you cannot see through it but light can pass, transparent means you can see through it. In my opinion only the last can have degrees, of obscurity and would be measured in terms of neutral density and colour filtering.
It is harder to tell with gilding if it is fired or not, the best indication of original decoration although cold decoration is also found. In general cold decoration is more prone to flaking than fired gilding. A minute testing by scraping at the very edge of some gilding gives a possible answer. If it chips of cleanly it was cold and possibly later decoration. If only a surface layer scrapes off leaving some gilding bonded to the glass it is probably fired on. Note possibly and probably.